A contract of Insurance comes into being when an individual looking coverage safety enters right into a contract with the insurance underwriter to repair him con to lack of property by or incidental hearth and or lightening, explosion, then forth. This is primarily a contract and therefore as is subordinate by the final regulation of contract. However, it has sure particular options as coverage transactions, similar to utmost religion, insured curiosity, indemnity, subrogation and contribution, then forth. these rules are frequent all told coverage contracts and are subordinate by particular rules of regulation.
FIRE INSURANCE:
According to S. 2(6A), "fire insurance business" means the enterprise of effecting, in any other case than incidentall to other class of coverage enterprise, contracts of coverage con to loss by or incidental hearth or different preponderance, commonly enclosed among the many dangers insured con to in hearth coverage enterprise.
According to Halsbury, it's a contract of coverage by which the insurance underwriter agrees for consideration to repair the assured as a lot like a sure extent and topic to sure phrases and circumstances con to loss or harm by hearth, which can occur to the property of the assured throughout a elite interval.
Thus, hearth coverage is a contract whereby the individual, looking coverage safety, enters right into a contract with the insurance underwriter to repair him con to lack of property by or incidental hearth or lightning, explosion then forth. This coverage is designed to insure one's property and different gadgets from loss occurring as a consequence of full or partial harm by hearth.
In its strict sense, a hearth coverage contract is one:
1. Whose precept object is coverage con to loss or harm occasioned by hearth.
2. The extent of insurance underwriter's legal responsibility being restricted by the sum assured and ne'er in essence by the extent of loss or harm sustained by the insured: and
3. The insurance underwriter having no real interest in the protection or destruction of the insured property aside from the legal responsibility undertaken below the contract.
LAW GOVERNING FIRE INSURANCE
There isn't any statutory enactment governing hearth coverage, as inside the case of marine coverage which is regulated by the Indian Marine Insurance Act, 1963. the Indian Insurance Act, 1938 primarily handled regulation of coverage enterprise as such and ne'er with any basic or particular rules of the regulation relating hearth of different coverage contracts. So additionally the General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1872. inside the epilepsia minor epilepsy of any legislative enactment on the topic , the courts in India have in header with the subject of hearth coverage have relied heretofore on judicial choices of Courts and opinions of English Jurists.
In computation out the worth of property broken or destroyed by hearth for the aim of indemnity below a coverage of hearth coverage, it was the worth of the property to the insured, which was to be measured. Prima facie that worth was measured by reference of the market worth of the property earlier than and after the loss. However such proficiency of evaluation was not in hand in instances the place the market worth didn't characterize trueness worth of the property to the insured, as the place the property was utilised by the insured as a house or, for carrying enterprise. In such instances, the measure of indemnity was the price of reinstatement. In the case of Lucas v. New Zealand Insurance Co. Ltd.[1] the place the insured property was bought and held as an income-producing funding, and consequently the court held that the correct measure of indemnity for harm to the property by hearth was the price of reinstatement.
INSURABLE INTEREST
An individual who's so excited by a property as to have profit from its existence and prejudice by its destruction is claimed to have insured curiosity in that property. Such an individual can insure the property con to hearth.
The curiosity inside the property should exist each on the origin additionally to on the time of loss. If it doesn't exist on the graduation of the contract it can't be the subject-matter of the coverage and if it doesn't exist on the time of the loss, he suffers no loss and wishes no indemnity. Thus, the place he sells the insured property and it's broken by hearth thenceforth, he suffers no loss.
RISKS COVERED UNDER FIRE INSURANCE POLICY
The date of conclusion of a contract of coverage is issuance of the coverage is entirely different from the acceptance or assumption of threat. Section 64-VB alone lays down generally that the insurance underwriter can not assume threat previous to the date of receipt of premium. Rule 58 of the Insurance Rules, 1939 speaks about advance fee of premiums in view of sub part (!) of Section 64 VB which allows the insurance underwriter to imagine the danger from the date onwards. If the proposer didn't need a specific date, it was realizable for the proposer to swop with insurance underwriter about that time period. Precisely, consequently the Apex Court has mentioned that closing acceptance is that of the assured or the insurance underwriter relies upon simply en route in which wherein negotiations for coverage have progressed. Though the next are dangers which appear to have coated Fire Insurance Policy yet commonly are not all coated below the Policy. Some of contentious areas are as follows:
FIRE: Destruction or harm to the property insured by its soulal fermentation, pure heating or spontaneous combustion or its present process any heating or drying course of can't be handled as harm as a consequence of hearth. For e.g., paints or chemical substances in a manufacturing facility present process warmth remedy and consequently broken by hearth will not be coated. Further, burning of property insured by order of any Public Authority is excluded from the scope of canopy.
LIGHTNING : Lightning power lead to hearth harm or different sorts of harm, similar to a roof damaged by a falling chimney affected by lightning or cracks in a constructing as a consequence of a lightning strike. Both hearth and different sorts of redress ascribable to lightning are coated by the coverage.
AIRCRAFT DAMAGE: The loss or harm to property (by hearth or in any other case) straight ascribable to plane and different aerial gadgets and/ or articles born there from is roofed. However, destruction or harm succeeding from strain waves ascribable to plane traveling at susoulic pace is excluded from the scope of the coverage.
RIOTS, STRIKES, MALICIOUS AND TERRORISM DAMAGES: The act of any individual active together with others in any disturbance of public peace (aside from battle, invasion, mutiny, civil commotion then forth.) is construed to be a riot, strike or a violent exercise. Unlawful motion wouldn't be coated below the coverage.
STORM, CYCLONE, TYPHOON, TEMPEST, HURRICANE, TORNADO, FLOOD and INUNDATION: Storm, Cyclone, Typhoon, Tempest, Tornado and Hurricane are all many sorts of violent pure disturbances which are attended by thunder or robust winds or heavy rainfall. Flood or Inundation happens when the water rises to an irregular degree. Flood or inundation mustn't alone be understood inside the frequent sense of the phrases, i.e., flood in river or lakes, but additionally accumulation of water as a consequence of clogged drains can be deemed to be flood.
IMPACT DAMAGE: Impact by any Rail/ Road auto or animal by direct contact with the insured property is roofed. However, such autos or animals mustn't belong to or closely-held by the insured or any occupant of the premises or their staff whereas acting in the middle of their employment.
SUBSIDENCE AND LANDSLIDE INCULUDING ROCKSIDE: Destruction or harm ascribable to Subsidence of a part of the location on which the property stands or Landslide/ Rockslide is roofed. While Subsidence means sinking of land or constructing to a decrease degree, Landslide means slippery down of land often on a hill.
However, regular cracking, settlement or bedding down of latest constructions; settlement or motion of made up floor; coastal or river erosion; faulty design or craft or use of faulty supplies; and demolition, building, structural alterations or restore of any property or ground-works or excavations, commonly are not coated.
BURSTING AND/OR OVERFLOWING OF WATER TANKS, APPARATUS AND PIPES: Loss or harm to property by water or in any other case on account of bursting or inadvertent overflowing of water tanks, equipment and pipes is roofed.
MISSILE TESTING OPERATIONS: Destruction or harm, as a consequence of impression or in any other case from trajectory/ projectiles in reference to projectile examination operations by the Insured or anybody else, is roofed.
LEAKAGE FROM AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER INSTALLATIONS: Damage, ascribable to water accidentally discharged or leaked out from processed sprinkler installations inside the insured's premises, is roofed. However, such destruction or harm ascribable to repairs or alterations to the buildings or premises; repairs elimination or extension of the sprinkler set up; and defects in building best-known to the insured, commonly are not coated.
BUSH FIRE: This covers harm ascribable to burning, whether or not inadvertent or in any other case, of bush and jungles and the clearing of lands by hearth, yet excludes destruction or harm, ascribable to Forest Fire.
RISKS NOT COVERED BY FIRE INSURANCE POLICY
Claims not maintainable/ coated below this coverage are as follows:
o Theft throughout or after the preponderance of any insured dangers
o War or nuclear perils
o Electrical breakdowns
o Ordered burning by a public authority
o Subterranean hearth
o Loss or harm to bullion, wanted stones, curios (worth greater than Rs.10000), plans, drawings, cash, securities, cheque books, pc information besides if they're flatly enclosed.
o Loss or harm to property stirred to a special location (besides equipment and tools for cleansing, repairs or renovation for greater than 60 days).
CHARACTERICTICS OF FIRE INSURANCE CONTRACT
A hearth coverage contract has the next traits particularly:
(a) Fire coverage is a private contract
A hearth coverage contract doesn't guarantee the protection of the insured property. Its objective is to see that the insured doesn't undergo loss by motive of his curiosity inside the insured property. Hence, if his reference to the insured property ceases by being transferred to a different individual, the contract of coverage additionally involves an finish. It will not be so related with the subject material of the coverage as to cross robotically to the brand new owner to whom the topic is transferred. The contract of hearth coverage is thus a mere a private contract between the insured and the insurance underwriter for the fee of cash. It may be validly allotted to a different alone with the consent of the insurance underwriter.
(b) It is complete and indivisible by contract.
Where the coverage is of a binding and its contents of inventory and equipment, the contract is explicitly united to be divisible. Thus , the place the insured is responsible of breach of responsibility in the direction of the insurance underwriter in respect of 1 topic issues coated by the coverage , the insurance underwriter can keep away from the contract as a complete and ne'er alone in respect of that exact topic mater , until the fitting is restricted by the phrases of the coverage.
(c) Cause of hearth is immaterial
In insuring con to hearth, the insured necessarily to guard him from any loss or hurt which he power undergo upon the preponderance of a hearth, even so it could be established. So drawn-out because the loss is because of hearth inside the which means of the coverage, it's immaterial what the reason for hearth is, typically. Thus , whether or not it was as a result of the hearth was lighted improperly or was lighted right yet negligently attended to thenceforth or whether or not the hearth was established on account of the negligence of the insured or his servants or strangers is immaterial and the insurance underwriter is liable to repair the insured. In the epilepsia minor epilepsy of fraud, the proximate reason behind the loss alone is to be seemed to.
The reason behind the hearth even so turns into materials to be investigated
(1). Where the hearth is occasioned not by the negligence of, yet by the willful
(2) Where the hearth is due is to trigger falling with the exception inside the contract.
LIMITATION OF TIME
Indemnity coverage was an settlement by the insurance underwriter to confer on the insured a written agreement proper, which prima facie, got here into existence instantly when the loss was suffered by the taking place of an occasion insured con to, to be put by the insurance underwriter into the identical place wherein the accused would have had the occasion not occurred yet in no higher place. There was a major legal responsibility, i.e. to repair, and a secondary legal responsibility i.e. to place the insured in his pre-loss place, both by paying him a specifying measure or it is likely to be in other method. But the truth that the insurance underwriter had an possibility as to the way in which wherein he would put the insured into pre-loss place didn't imply that he was not liable to repair him in a method or one other, instantly the loss occurred. The major legal responsibility arises on the taking place of the occasion insured con to. So, the time ran from the date of the loss and ne'er from the date on which the coverage was averted and any go well with filed after that point restrict can be barred by limitation.[2]
WHO MAY INSURE AGAINST FIRE?
Only those that have insured curiosity in a property can take hearth coverage thereon. The following are among the many class of individuals who've been held to own insured curiosity in, property and may insure such property:
1. Owners of property, whether or not sole, or joint owner, or associate inside the agency proudly owning the property. It will not be requisite that they need to possession additionally. Thus a small and a leaseholder can each insure it put together or severely.
2. The seller and emptor have each rights to insure. The vendor's curiosity continues till the conveyance is accomplished and even thenceforth, if he has an unpaid vendor's lien over it.
3. The mortgager and mortgage holder have each distinct pursuits inside the encumbered property and may insure, per Lord Esher M.R."The mortgage holder does not claim his interest through the mortgager , but by virtue of the mortgage which has given him an interest distinct from that of the mortgager"[3]
4. Trustees are authorized homeowners and beneficiaries the useful homeowners of feeling property and every can insure it.
5. Bailees similar to carriers, pawnbrokers or storage warehouse males are causative there security of the property entrusted to them then can insure it.
PERSON NOT ENTITLED TO INSURE
One who has no insured curiosity in a property can not insure it. For instance:
1. An unsecured creditor can not insure his debitor's property, as a result of his proper is barely con to the debitor soulally. He can, even so, insure the debitor's life.
2. A shareowner in an organization can not insure the property of the corporate as he has no insured curiosity in any plus of the corporate even when he's the only shareowner. As was the case of Macaura v. Northen Assurance Co.[4] Macaura. Because neither as a easy creditor nor as a shareowner had he any insured curiosity in it.
CONCEPT OF UTMOST FAITH
As all contracts of coverage are contracts of utmost good religion, the proposer for hearth coverage can be below a optimistic responsibility to make a full revelation of all materials info and to not make any misrepresentations or misdescreptions therefrom throughout the negotiations for acquiring the coverage. This responsibility of utmost good religion applies equally to the insurance underwriter and the insured. There have to be full good religion on the a part of the assured. This responsibility to look at utmost good religion is ensured b requiring the proposer to declare that the statements inside the proposal kind are true, that they shall be the idea of the contract and that any wrong or false assertion in this shall keep away from the coverage. The insurance underwriter can then depend on them to evaluate the danger and to repair acceptable premium and settle for the danger or decline it.
The questions inside the proposal kind for a hearth coverage are so framed as to get all info which is materials to the insurance underwriter to know to be able to assess the danger and repair the premium, that's, all materials info. Thus the proposer is required too give info regarding:
o The proposer's identify and deal with and occupation
o The description of the subject material to be insured enough for the aim of computation out it together with,
o An outline of the neighbourhood the place it's located
o How the property is acquiring used, whether or not for any manufacturing objective or risky commerce.then forth
o Whether it has already been insured
o And additionally ant private coverage historical past together with the claims if any made purchase the proposer, then forth.
Apart from questions inside the proposal kind, the proposer ought to disclose whether or not questioned or not-
1. Any info which point out the danger of hearth to be above regular;
2. Any truth which point out that the insurance underwriter's legal responsibility could also be greater than regular may be hoped-for similar to existence of helpful manuscripts or paperwork, then forth, and
3. Any info bearing upon the extra; hazard concerned.
The proposer will not be obligated to disclose-
1. Information which the insurance underwriter could also be presumed to know inside the unconventional course of his enterprise as an insurance underwriter;
2. Facts which have a tendency to point out that the danger is small than in any other case;
3. Facts as to which info is waived by the insurance underwriter; and
4. Facts which needn't disclosed in view of a coverage situation.
Thus, assured is below a solemn obligation to fill up revelation of fabric info which can be related for the insurance underwriter to keep in mind whereas deciding whether or not the proposal must be accepted or not. While making a revelation of the related info, the
DOCTRINE OF PROXIMATE CAUSE
Where extra perils than one act at the same time or successively, it will likely be difficult to evaluate the relative impact of every peril or pick one in every of these because the precise reason behind the loss. In such instances, the philosophical system of proximate trigger helps to find out the precise reason behind the loss.
Proximate trigger was defined in Pawsey v. Scottish Union and National Ins. Co.,[5]as "the active, effective cause that sets in motion a train of events which brings about a result without the intervention of any force started and working actively from a new and independent source." It is dominant and efficient trigger though it's not the closest in time. It is consequently requisite when a loss happens to research and verify what's the proximate reason behind the loss to be able to decide whether or not the insurance underwriter is guilty for the loss.
PROXIMATE CAUSE OF DAMAGE
A hearth coverage covers dangers the place harm is established by means of hearth. The hearth could also be due to to lightening, by explosion or implosion. It could also be results of riot, strike or on account of any, vindictive act. However these components should in the end result in a hearth and the hearth have to be the proximate trigger of injury. Therefore, a loss ascribable to thieving of property by militants wouldn't be coated by the hearth coverage. The view that the loss was coated below the vindictive act clause and consequently .the insurance underwriter was liable to satisfy the declare is untenable, as a result of until and till hearth is the proximate trigger f harm, no declare below a hearth coverage can be maintainable.[6]
PROCEDURE FOR TAKING A FIRE INSURANCE POLICY
The stairs concerned for taking a hearth coverage coverage are talked about below:
1. Selection of the Insurance Company:
There are many corporations that provide hearth coverage con to unexpected occasions. The particular soul or the corporate should take care inside the number of an coverage firm. The judgment ought to relaxation on components like goodwill, and long haul standing available in the market. The coverage corporations can both be approached straight or by means of brokers, few of them who're appointed by the corporate itself.
2. Submission of the Proposal Form:
The particular soul or the enterprise owner should submit a accomplished prescribed proposal kind with the required particulars to the coverage firm for correct consideration and consequent approval. The info inside the Proposal Form must incline in good religion and have to be attended by paperwork that confirm the precise price of the property or items which are to be insured. Most of the businesses have their very own soulalised Proposal Forms whereby the precise info necessarily to be supplied.
3. Survey of the Property/ Consideration:
Once the duly stuffed Proposal Form is submitted to the coverage firm, it makes an "on the spot" survey of the property or the products which are the subject material of the coverage. This is often finished by the investigators, or the surveyors, who're appointed by the corporate and they should report again to them after a radical analysis and survey. This is crucial to evaluate the danger concerned and calculate the speed of premium.
4. Acceptance of the Proposal:
Once the elaborate and complete report is submitted to the coverage firm by the surveyors and associated officers, the previous makes a radical poring over of the Proposal Form and the report. If the corporate is glad that their isn't any lacuna or foul play or fraud concerned, it formally "accepts" the Proposal Form and directs the insured to pay the primary premium to the corporate. It is to be celebrated that the coverage coverage commences after the fee and the acceptance of the premium by the insured and the corporate, respectively. The Insurance Company points a Cover Note after the acceptance of the primary premium.
PROCEDURE ON RECEIPT OF NOTICE OF LOSS
On receipt of the discover of loss, the insurance underwriter requires the insured to supply particulars pertaining to the loss in a declare from regarding the next information-
1. Circumstances and reason behind the hearth;
2. Occupancy and state of soulal matters of the premises wherein the hearth occurred;
3. Insured's curiosity inside the insured property; that's capability wherein the insured claims and whether or not any others have an interest inside the property;
4. Other insurances on the property;
5. Value of every merchandise of the property on the time of loss on with proofs therefrom , and worth of the salvage ,if any; and
6. Amount claimed
Furnishing such info regarding the declare can be a situation precedent to the legal responsibility of the insurance underwriter. The above info will allow the insurance underwriter to confirm whether-
(1) The coverage is in pressure;
(2) The peril inflicting the loss is an insured peril;
(3) The property broken or misplaced is the insured property.
Rules for calculation of worth of property
The worth of the insured property is-
1) Its worth on the time of loss, and
2) At the place of loss, and
3) Its actual or intrinsic worth with none regard for its sentimental vale. Loss of potential revenue or different crucial loss is to not be taken under consideration.
FILING OF CLAIMS
How a declare arises?
After a contract of hearth coverage has come into existence, a declare power come up by the operation of a number of insured perils on an unsecured property. There power also as a number of uninsurable perils additionally working at the same time or in succession of the property. In order that the declare must be legitimate the next circumstances have to be consummated:
1. The preponderance ought to happen as a result of operation of an insured peril or the place each insured and different perils operated , the dominant or environment friendly reason behind the loss should have been an insured peril;
2. The operation of the peril should not come inside the scope of the coverage exceptions;
3. The occasion should have established loss or harm of the insured property;
4. The preponderance have to be throughout the forex of the coverage;
5. The insured should have consummated all of the coverage circumstances and also necessarily to adjust to necessities to be consummated after the declare had arisen.
MATERIAL FACTS IN FIRE INSURANCE: PREVIOUS CONVICTION OF THE ACCUSED
The prison report of an assured power have an effect on the ethical hazard, which insurance underwriters requisite to assess, and the non-revelation of a severe prison offence like thieving by the complainant would a fabric non-revelation.
INSURED'S DUTY ON OUTBREAK OF FIRE, IMPLIED DUTY
On the irruption of a hearth the insured is below an silent responsibility to look at good religion in the direction of the insurance underwriters and the in pursuance of it the insured should do his finest to avert or reduce the loss. For this objective he should (1) take all cheap measures to place out the hearth or stop its unfold, and (2) help the hearth brigade and others of their makes an attempt to take action at any price not come of their manner.
With this object the insured property could also be eliminated to a spot of security. Any loss or harm the insured property power maintain in the middle of makes an attempt to fight the hearth or throughout its elimination to a spot of security then forth., will probably be deemed to be loss proximately ascribable to the hearth.
If the insured fails in his responsibility wilfully and thereby will increase the burden of the insurance underwriter, the insured will probably be disadvantaged of his proper to revive any indemnity below the coverage.[7]
INSURER'S RIGHTS ON THE OUTBREAK OF FIRE
(A) Implied Rights
Corresponding to the insured's duties the insurance underwriters have rights by the regulation, in view of the legal responsibility they've undertaken to repair the insured. Thus the insurance underwriters have a proper to-
o Take cheap measures to extinguish the hearth and to attenuate the loss to property, and
o For that objective, to enter upon and take possession of the property.
The insurance underwriters will probably be liable to make good all of the harm the property power maintain throughout the stairs taken to place out the hearth then long as it of their possession, as a result of all that's thought of the pure and direct consequence of the hearth; it has consequently been held inside the case of Ahmedbhoy Habibhoy v. Bombay Fire Marine Ins. Co [8] that the extent of the harm flowing from the insured peril have to be assessed when the insurance underwriter provides again and ne'er as on the time when the peril ceased.
(B) Loss ascribable to stairs taken to avert the danger
Damage sustained as a consequence of motion taken to keep away from an insured threat was not a consequence of that threat and was not recoverable until the insured threat had begun to function. In the case of Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Co. Ltd v. Canadian General Electric Co. Ltd., [9] the Canadian Supreme Court held that "the loss was caused by the fire fighters' mistaken feeling that their action was necessary to avert an explosion , and the loss was not recoverable under the insurance policy, which clothed only damage caused by fire explosion., and the loss was not recoverable under the insurance policy, which clothed only damage caused by fire or explosion."
(C) Express rights
Condition 5- to be able to shield their rights properly insurance underwriters have prescribed for higher rights explicitly on this situation in line with which on the taking place of any destruction or harm the insurance underwriter and each individual commissioned by the insurance underwriter power enter, take or preserve possession of the constructing or premises the place the harm has occurred or require it to be delivered to them and take care of it for all cheap functions like inspecting, arranging, eradicating or promote or dispose off the identical for the account of whom it could concern.
When and the way a declare is made?
In the occasion of a hearth loss coated below the hearth coverage coverage, the Insured shall instantly give discover therefrom to the coverage firm. Within 15 days of the preponderance of such loss, the Insured ought to submit a declare in writing, giving the small print of redress and their estimated values. Details of different insurances on the identical property also necessarily to be declared.
The Insured ought to procure and produce, at his soulal expense, any doc like plans, account books, investigation studies then forth. on demand by the coverage firm.
HOW INSURANCE MAY CEASE?
Insurance below a hearth coverage power stop in any of the next circumstances, particularly:
(1) Insurer avoiding the coverage by motive of the insured making misrepresentation, misdescription or non-revelation of any materials specific;
(2) If there's a fall or displacement of any insured constructing vary or construction or half therefrom , then on the expiry of seven days wherefrom, besides the place the fall or displacement was as a result of motion of any insured peril; yet this, the coverage could also be revived on revised phrases if specific discover is given to the corporate as quickly because the preponderance takes place;
(3) The coverage could also be terminated at any tie on the request of the insured and on the possibility of the corporate on 15 days discover to the insured
CONCLUSION
Tangible property is bare-assed to quite few dangers like hearth, floods, explosions, earthquake, riot and battle, then forth. and coverage safety may be had con to most of those dangers severally or together. The kind wherein the eiderdown is expressed is quite few and diversified. Fire coverage in its strict sense is worried with giving safety con to hearth and hearth alone. So whereas granting a hearth coverage coverage all of the requisites want be consummated. The insured are below an ethical and authorized obligation to be at utmost good religion and must be telling true info and ne'er simply faux grounds alone with the rapacity to bounce back cash. Further all coverage insurance policies assist in the event of a Developing nation. Hence coverage corporations have a burden to assist the insured when the insured are in bother.
REFERENCE:
1. (1983) VR 698 (Supreme Court of Vienna)
2. Callaghan v. Dominion Insurance Co. Ltd. (1997) 2 Lloyd's Rep. 541 (QBD)
3. Small v. U.Okay Marine Insurance Association (1897) 2 QB 311
4. (1925) AC 619
5. (1907) Case.
6. National Insurance Company v. Ashok Kumar Barariio
7. Devlin v. Queen Insurance Co, (1882) 46 UCR 611.
8. (1912) 40 IA 10 PC
9. (1981) 123 DLR (3d) 513 (Supreme Court of Canada)
Books Referred:
1. The Economics of Fire Protection by Ganapathy Ramachandran
2. Modern Insurance Law, by John Birds
3. The Handbook of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act and Regulations with Allied Laws ,by Nagar
0 Comments